Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed...Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, 'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. -- JOSE RIZAL, "My Last Farewell" // Sapagkat ang mundo'y bayan ng hinagpis Mamamaya'y sukat tibayan ang dibdib... -- FRANCISCO BALAGTAS, "Florante at Laura" //
Saturday, July 14, 2012
PARANGAL KAY MAITA GOMEZ, BAYANI NG LAHI
PARANGAL KAY
MAITA GOMEZ, BABAENG MANDIRIGMA
“No
uprising fails… Each one is a step in the right direction.” –Salud Algabre
PARANGAL KAY MAITA GOMEZ, BAYANI NG LAHI

PARANGAL KAY MAITA GOMEZ, BABAENG MANDIRIGMA
“No uprising fails… Each one is a step in the right direction.” –Salud Algabre
Anong kapangahasan Apoy ng kababaihan
Biruing ibulalas: “Walang sayang, hoy!
Bawat siklab ng pagbabalikwas ay pagsulong
sa wastong direksyon—”
Mula Cabiao, Nueva Ecija hanggang Sta. Rosa, Laguna, nauna na si Salud Algabre---
sumunod si Maria Lorena Barros, Cherith Dayrit, at ngayon si Ka Maita—
Ilang titis lamang, sumiklab ang rumaragasang sunog
lampas na sa hanggahang naigpawan, di nasayang
Anong kapangahasang lumagablab
tumutupok sa bawat sagwil ng pulis at militar ng diktadurya’t imperyo
Mapangahas na nagliliyab ang parang dagat lunsod
mula Bontoc hanggang Tawi-tawi, di nasayang
Sa pinagkiskis na buto’t laman ng ilanlibong inang nagdiringas dumadarang
Apoy ni Maita Gomez, armadong paraluman—
Alab ng ilanlibong babaing naghihimagsik
Gumigising sa mga nabuwal sa dilim ng pagkaduhagi’t pagkaamis
Bumabangon mula sa gabi ng pagkaalipin at pagdadalamhati
Binubulabog ang luksang bilanggo’t kuta ng mga salaring nasayang
Nagpupumiglas upang matamo ang luwalhati’t sayang pinapaginipan
“Walang sayang—”
Sa bawat kiskis
tumitilampon ang titis,
nagliliyab ang parang, salamat sa iyo, pinakasasabikan,
pinakamimithi—
Monday, July 02, 2012
ISANG HIWA NG DANAS SA PALAWAN

Saturday, June 30, 2012
PARABOLA NG TADHANA
Sunday, June 10, 2012
LIWALIW SA ILOG NG LOBOC, BOHOL
Tuesday, June 05, 2012
LIWALIW SA LOBOC, BOHOL--ni E. SAN JUAN, Jr.
Saturday, June 02, 2012
ENGKUWENTRO SA PINAGTAPUNAN NG BAYANI
ni E. SAN JUAN, Jr.
Isang hapong umuwi akong mag-isa, Bella—limot mo na ito--
mula sa Andres Bonifacio Elementary School, napadako ako
sa palengke ng Blumentritt kung saan nasaksihan ang sakunang nangyari;
di sinasadya’y nasilip sa ilalim ng tren ang duguang bitukang
likaw-likaw ng kung sinong nadisgrasya, di alam kung bakit
sumagupa sa trapik na sinikap nating laging sabayan…..
Ilang taon pagkatapos, minsang pagliko sa nagkrus na daan
ng Dimasalang at Dapitan, nasulyapan kita at nahihiyang binati….
At sa kung anong dahilan, nagitla ako, Bella,
nang biglang pumitas ka ng pulang bulaklak sa gilid ng kanal
at iniabot sa akin bago tayo muling naghiwalay….
Nakamamangha, kasi’y namagitan na sa atin mula noon
ang likaw-likaw na pangyayaring humiwa’t nagbukod sa katawa’t kaluluwa…
At ngayong hapong sumisilong ako sa ilalim ng riles ng modernong LRT
na humati sa Avenida Rizal at sumaplot sa pusod ng aking kamusmusmusan
di mapilas, di mapigtal sa gunita ang talulot na kasing pula
ng iyong labi, Bella--bahid kaya iyon o damay ng aksidenteng nakasisindak?
Walang tangka, balak o bantang sariwain ang kahapong nakapagtataka,
habang tumatawid sa lansangang tigib ng panganib at pangamba,
kasabay ng dagundong ng gulong na bakal ng tren sa bubungan
nakatingala ako, gulilat, naipit sa pagitan ng kalye Tandang Sora’t Laong-Laan,
di kinukusa’y nasambit ko—sa harap ng rumaragasang trapik sa Blumentritt—
ang pangalan ni Josephine Bracken MacBride, dulce extranjera,
at ang pakikipagsapalaran sa mahiwagang kaharian ng Albanya.
###
Sunday, May 13, 2012
Or, THE PHOTOGRAPH AS EVERYBODY'S PORTABLE DYNAMITE
by E. San Juan, Jr.
Is it the case that of all human inventions, the photograph is the most enigmatic and menacing one?
We are informed by the French critic Roland Barthes, in his seminal 1961 essay, "The Photographic Message," that the photograph is a message without a code. All signs produce meaning derived from their position in a system of differences, following Saussure. And ultimately the signifieds of signifiers (words, visual motifs, musical notes) become intelligible within a code of social conventions and cultural beliefs. All art depends on the system of connotations---style, period rhetoric, traditional symbols, stereotypes--for their sounds/shapes to signify. But the photograph is unique because it is self-sufficient in its "analogical plenitude." Does this mean it is a perfect copy of the "real" and needs no code to unlock it?
Almost everyone values photographs as veritable copies of what is real, what appears. Otherwise, we won't hire photographers to our weddings, birthday celebrations, feasts, etc. Look, it's really Nanay and Tatay! Even our local movie stars turn on the laptop cameras to record and broadcast their bedroom antics for their fans, and for the millions of YOUTUBE addicts in McLuhan's globalized village. The famous French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson is regularly praised as someone who captured with "perfect transparency the character of what he saw. His Americans look intensely American. His Chinese look impeccably Chinese." Astounding, or trivial? How did Mr. Verlyn Klinkenborg (writing for The New York Times, 6 August 2004) arrive at this judgment?
The photograph copies some object out there, to be sure. It is not an emanation of our psyche. Barthes explains that the photograph is a message without a code because it is the perfect analogon of reality. In the semiotics of Charles S. Peirce, the photograph functions as an icon that resembles what the film registers; but it also acts as an index which points to something outside the minds of viewers. This double function is the key to its expressive efficacy. For Barthes, what the image denotes acquires primacy. Nonetheless, because the denoted reality (when the photograph is used in the mass media of communication) acquires a repertoire of connotations that give it historical and social meanings, the photograph becomes transparent. Later on, in Camera Lucida (1980), Barthes the post-structuralist denounces the parasitic exploitation of images by consumerist bourgeois society: first, by transforming the photograph into autonomous art which in turn is exchanged as commodities in the market; and second, by banalizing it in advertising, pornography, celebrity fetishism, official propaganda, etc. What is to be done? Barthes can only suggest that either we subject the spectacle provided by the camera to "the civilized code of perfect illusions," domesticating it within the academic realm of photography as art; or "to confront in it the wakening of intractable reality."
The latter is perhaps the more worthwhile choice we should try to make when examining the photographs I took of these dancers from the villages surrounding Loboc River in Bohol this March 2012. It is a snapshot of a mass gathering of seemingly anonymous folks, one group made up of villagers who all know each other, the other of tourists gripped by alienation, anomie, commodification. We are on board one of these commercial boats. At certain point along the way, platforms were built for the local villagers to stage dances. Such performances are paid by the tourist companies operating the boats. The labor of the villagers are exhibited as part of the livelihood programs of the barangay or local government. What kind of livelihood is shown here? What is the spectacle and who are the spectators?
We gaze then at these ordinary natives who have been organized to perform to tourists riding the boats going up and down the river, either remunerated by the businesses operating the cruises or earning from the gifts and donations of the spectators. It is supposed to be a barangay project. Are these Filipinos impeccably Filipinos?--to echo Mr. Klinkenborg. Perhaps I have just provided something of a code to the messages one can extract from these images. Or at least a hint or cue as to how the camera intervened to register what purports to be "real," what claims to be the appearances. One can of course prefer to look at the falls at the end of the river, or other sideline attractions.
Apropos of Walter Benjamin’s insight that contrary to the popular doxa, photography can reveal the “optical unconscious,” the reality behind appearances, Rosalind Krauss theorizes that the specular “unconscious” can be constructed by the artist in the visual field. It can be actualized in the photograph as “a projection of the way that human vision can be thought to be less than a master of all it surveys.” That is, the photo can be in conflict with—what?
So then the challenge is how to read or interpret these photographs so that we can derive some value from looking at them. Either we civilize these images into safe, exotic appearances of charming natives, or stir up the explosive ingredients discoverable in the gestures, smiles and seductive faces of our performers. Notice, however, that there is another messenger to which the spectators turn their gazes, perhaps the materials for a Molotov cocktail for the Establishment censors, the gatekeepers of our everyday psyches. Perhaps we need to turn at ourselves and reflect on how we are complicit in these spectacles, producing and reproducing the hierarchies of power and the inequalities of symbolic capital in our everyday lives. After all, we are Filipinos subjected to the gaze of the imperial camera everyday. De te fabula. --##
Sunday, April 08, 2012
THREE WAYS OF LOOKING AT MARIA LORENA BARROS

TATLONG KUHA KAY MARIA LORENA BARROS / THREE TAKES ON MARIA LORENA BARROS
by E. SAN JUAN, Jr.
Over the years, since her death on 24 March 1976 at the age of 28, Maria Lorena Barros, now a prototypical “woman warrior” of the New People’s Army, has become the object of veneration by national-democratic activists. She is by right a proletarian heroine, a diwata of the masses. She has earned her niche in the historical archive of the Filipino people’s national-liberation struggle.
However, we are still in the era of capitalist globalization, possibly the last epoch of imperialism. And the Philippines, a U.S. neocolony, is a colony of finance-capital, despite its nominal independence. This fact discombobulates the Establishment orthodoxy of postcolonial scholastics. We are still living under the rule of commodification and the unchallenged reign of exchange-value, the cash-nexus. Is there a Maria Lorena Barros mall or boutique somewhere?
Arguably, feminists and women-liberationists have almost made her into a cult-object. Maita Gomez’s biography, Lualhati Bautista’s play, and other cultural works have contributed to this process of fetishism within progressive circles. We need some critical reflection on this phenomenon. Rizal as well as Bonifacio, not to mention the Aquinos, have suffered the same fate. In order to release her from the reification of such mechanical history, known as “the life of Maria Lorena Barros,” we need to re-conceive that event into “actuality.” We need to re-vision this event outside the time-space of bourgeois history.
Time’s linearity dictates the irreversibility of that event. However, those who immersed themselves in this event or process can acquire new means and modes of struggling against imperialism and class (as well as gender, racial) domination in a totally different way, finding paths into another world and through that, “actualize” certain becomings that would not have materialized in the realm of historical events. Postmodernists Deleuze and Guattari (following Nietzsche’s notion of the “Untimely’) speculate on “the becoming without which nothing would come about in history but that does not merge with history.” Foucault called the frozen event a “present” in contradistinction to the “Actual,” the now in the process of our becoming other. The Actual is not a future event but a new mode of existence that we are now in the process of undergoing and, in some measure, relative to our praxis, contributing to its realization. Inscribed within the framework of historical materialism, the notion of the Actual merges into the theory of praxis (as in Lenin’s and Georg Lukacs’ thought), the unity of subject and object, in the dialectics of revolutionary transformation.
This is not to discount or ignore current praxis, diverse forms of collective and personal resistance to the Arroyo regime and its US patrons. Resistance to the present can be provided by the Actual, which can be enacted and performed through living from within the “life of Maria Lorena Barros,” which equals its truth. Translated into Filipino: “Nagkakaroon ng katotohanan at nabibigyan-saysay ang kasaysayan ng buhay ni Maria Lorena Barros.” Note that “saysay” is embedded in “kasaysayan.” “Saysay” means value or significance; it evokes “saya” (joy) and “sayaw” (dance), and “sanaysay” (discourse; essay).
The three poems below which I wrote in three periods, the first one in this new millennium, the second in the Nineties, and the third before the Feb 1986 insurrection (when I was involved in the anti-martial law movement in the U.S.), are attempts to actualize the historical event called “the life of Maria Lorena Barros.” The historical contexts are important, grounding the act of writing; but beyond that, the “Actual” is contained within the experience of determining what Lorena means or signifies, from the viewpoint of the speaker or personae speaking in or within the poem. What various readers will experience in reading, is altogether a different matter and needs to be explored.
It is my hope that resistance to U.S. imperialist domination in the Philippines and global capitalism (for at least 10 million OFWs spread around the planet) can encounter a power of resistance from the becomings-other of those immersed in the actuality of the event the life of Maria Lorena Barros. Even for those who are not women, either biologically or socially constructed. And even for those who are not Filipinos or people of color, indeed, for all those who seek to be human in ways not definable or conceivable now, attainable only when (to quote Marx and Engels) we have moved finally from the domain of prehistory, alienated labor, and necessity. Mabuhay ang mga Lorena!
MARIA LORENA BARROS, PUMUPUTOL SA ALAMBRE’T REHAS (2009)
…With the same intense purity and fragrance, we are learning to overcome.
--Maria Lorena Barros
Kahit pumalaot na, lumalatay pa rin sa gunita:
24 Marso 1976 nang dakpin ng mga sundalo ng diktaduryang U.S.-Marcos.
Nang di mapiga ang tugon—walang tainga ang baril--pinaputukan ang ulo
bago sumubsob sa pampang ng “lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati’t pagsinta.”
Pahabol ng mga kaibigan: “Mababasag na ang bungo subalit hindi siya sumuko.”
Naakit ngunit ipinagkait. Kung maari, kahit di akalain, marahil.
Ano pa ang maidadagdag sa talang naibigay ni Maita Gomez?
Mahapdi ang dagok— Iadya mo, Birheng nagpupumipiglas mapanghas--
Sukat nang hagkan ang barbed wire na pumulupot sa katawan.
Di lamang tumalon ang babae (sabi ni Joi Barrios) sa “alambreng nakasabit…”
Isaisip ang nangyari kay Expedito Albarillo, saksi ang anak na si Adel—
dinurog ang katawan—di raw sinasadya--walang patawad ang mga hayup, di biro.
Sa gubat ng Mindoro, maamo ang lobong gutom. Bagamat di bawal.
Naakit ngunit ipinagkait. Kung maari, kahit di akalain, marahil.
Subsob na’t nakalupasay, iuumang pa ang dibdib sa bayoneta ng tadhana.
Mayuming gunita, sumakandungan ang armas mo. Iadya mo kami.
Mapagkandiling diwa, itayo ang katawang nalugmok.
Inang sumabog, nadurog.
Nakalatay sa budhi: ang ating kaligtasan ay nasa ating pagkilos.
Marsong walang katapusan, Abril, Mayo…
Kinalawang na alambreng putol.
Bakit di maari? Sa bawat hakbang natin nayayari ang landas
kung saan bumabagtas
at sumasalubong
ang nakabukang bisig ni Lori.
ADIK SA ‘YO? Pag-ulit sa pag-iiba-iba ng talinghaga’t haraya (1994)
(In Memoriam: Maria Lorena Barros )
“Ano ang isang ina? Mayamang hapag ng gutom na sanggol. Kumot sa gabing maginaw. Matamis sa uyayi. Tubig sa naghahapding sugat…Ngunit ano ang isang makabayang ina? Maapoy na tanglaw tungo sa liwayway. Sandigang bato. Lupang bukal ng lakas sa digma. Katabi sa laba’t alalay sa tagumpay ang ina ko.”
Di ko na hahanap-hanapin pa, Kasama Lory,
buhat nang matagpuan ang duguang katawan mo sa Isabela--
Di na adik ngunit sabik
malaman kung anong umakit sa iyong ihandog ang buhay
nang walang pakundangan
Mahigit 800 ang nalunod paglubog ng MV Princess of the Stars--
Sobra na tama na, adios Manny Pacquiao!
Bawat pagpihit ng tadhana, ilang buhay ang lumilipas
ngunit sa anong dahilan o anong layon?
Adik pa ba? Sabik na madukot ka?
Sa telesineng terorista nina Glorya at mga berdugong heneral
walang bida kundi ang uring imperyalista’t alipuris--
Adik sa kalupitan at kasamaan....
Sabik sa inyo-- Shirley Cadapan Karen Empeno Sabik akong matagpuan
sina Jonas Burgos Nilo Arado Luisa Posa Dominado
Sa umaga’t sa gabi ng galit at pighati sa pagitan ng pagpatay
kina Mario Auxilio sa Bohol at Celso Pojas sa Davao
hinahanap-hanap kita,
O armadong anghel ng katarungan--
Di na adik ngunit sabik--
Noon, sa pagitan ng bawat bugbog kay Nena Fajardo at bigwas kay Nelia Sancho
natagpuan kitang naghihintay....
Mahigit 4000 taong nalunod paglubog ng MV Dona Paz noong panahon ni Cory--
ilang libong namatay sa lahar, sa baha, sa bagyo, sa terorismo ng AFP...
Adik ka pa ba? Hahanap-hanapin pa ba?
Adios, Gretchen at Regine at Rufa at Susmaryosep-- Lani Misalucha!
Magwala man ang militar, di na mawawala
ang pag-asang inaruga mo, Ka Lory, istratehiyang pinakasasabikan--
Magkasalubong tayo sa bawat daluyong ng pakikibaka
sa bawat yapos, sa bawat labing humahalik....
________________________________
ANG TAGUMPAY NI MARIA LORENA BARROS (1983)
Punglong sumabog--
Simbuyo ng paghihimagsik!
Ipinagkaloob mo ang iyong metalikong kaluluwa
sa dapog ng Rebolusyon.
Di kailangan ang uling ng pagdadalamhati
Di dapat mamighati
Tilamsik ng dugo!
Sa sugatang himaymay ng iyong dibdib umapoy, sumigid
Ang umaasong adhika:
Kaluluwa mo'y masong dudurog sa tanikala ng kadiliman.
Sumagitsit, napugnaw--
Sa lagim ng iyong pagkatupok, titis ng hininga mo'y
Di tumirik, di nagsaabo....
Ang pasiya mong lumaban
Ay nagbagang tinggang umagnas, lumusaw sa anumang balakid.
Kailangang magpatigas,
Dapat maging bakal--
Hindi ginto o pilak--
Ang kaluluwa upang sa sumusugbang lagablab
ng pag-usig sa kabuktutan
Pandayin ang katawan ng ating pagnanais
Pandayin ang pinakamimithing kalayaan
Pandayin ang liwanag ng kinabukasan.
Saturday, March 17, 2012
SEMIOTIKA NI CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE: Kahulugan, Katwiran, Katotohanan
KAHULUGAN, KATOTOHANAN, KATWIRAN:
PAGPAPAKILALA SA SEMIOTIKA NI CHARLES
PEIRCE
Isa Hinati sa Tatluhan
Hikayat sa Paniniwala
Tiwala at Pag-aalinlangan
Talakayan sa Kabuuan ng Semiotika
Kategorya ng Pagdalumat
Tatak ng Likhang-Sining
Sintomas sa Modernistang Awit ni Cirio Panganiban
National Sovereignty, Anti-Imperialism, and the Iranian Resistance: A Third World Marxist Defence of Iran's Right to Resist Imperialis...
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ULIRANG HALIMBAWA NI EFREN ABUEG: Tungo sa Mapagpalayang Sining ni E. San Juan, Jr. Kamakailan, bago ipinawalan ang “Morong 43” na biktima...
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AMADO V. HERNANDEZ : AN INTRODUCTION By E. SAN JUAN, Jr. By general consensus, Amado V. Hernandez (1903-1970) is the most serviceable ...
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AN INTRODUCTION TO CARLOS BULOSAN by E. SAN JUAN, Jr. Of the Asian American population in the United States, the Filipino comm...





